酰胺键广泛存在于各种药物分子,天然产物,高分子材料中,是有机合成最常见的基团之一。由于酰胺键的共振平衡,其羰基的亲电性较弱, 酰胺水解 或醇解通常需要强酸或强碱加热才能实现。
小编近期发现了一篇2015年的Nature文章,分享给大家,加州大学洛杉矶分校的K. N. Houk教授和Neil K. Garg教授团队使用(Ni(cod)2/SIPr催化体系在相对温和的条件下实现了酰胺C-N键的活化切断,并使用醇作为亲核试剂,发展了一种将酰胺转化为酯的新方法。这是过渡金属直接切断酰胺C-N键的首例报道。醇作为亲核试剂,仅仅需要1.2当量即可高效实现转化,而以往报道的酰胺酯化反应中醇需要大大过量。 【 Nature 524, 79–83 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14615】, 底物酰胺只是N,N-甲基苯基酰胺才能高产率的进行反应,应用范围受到限制,但是根据机理研究发现,与常见的过渡金属催化反应的机理类似,是通过氧化加成、配体交换、还原消除来实现的。根据此机理,后续他们团队又发展出了一系列的C-N键活化的偶联反应,如酰胺C-N键活化的Suzuki–Miyaura反应制备酮【 Nature Chem 8, 75–79 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2388】, 酰胺C-N键活化的 Negishi交叉偶联反应 制备酮【 ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 3176 】, 酰胺的胺交换反应【Nat. Commun., 2016, 7, 11554 】。
反应机理
金属先对C-N键进行氧化加成、醇作为配体对胺进行交换、还原消除得到产物酯,氧化加成步骤能垒最高是控速步骤。
反应操作
Representative Procedure (coupling of amide 7g and methanol is used as an example). Ester 8a (Figure 3a, entry 1). A 1-dram vial containing amide 7g (100.0 mg, 0.47 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and a magnetic stir bar was charged with Ni(cod)2 (13.0 mg, 0.047 mmol, 10 mol%) and SIPr (18.4 mg, 0.047 mmol, 10 mol%) in a glove box. Subsequently, toluene (0.47 mL, 1.0 M) and then methanol (23.0 L, 0.56 mmol, 1.2 equiv) were added. The vial was sealed with a Teflon-lined screw cap, removed from the glove box, and stirred at 80 C for 12 h. After cooling to 23 °C, the mixture was diluted with hexanes (0.5 mL) and filtered over a plug of silica gel (10 mL of EtOAc eluent). The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (20:1 Hexanes:EtOAc) to yield ester product 8a (88% yield, average of two experiments) as a clear oil. Ester 8a: Rf 0.41 (20:1 Hexanes:EtOAc). Spectral data match those previously reported.
参考资料
Hie, L., Fine Nathel, N., Shah, T. et al. Conversion of amides to esters by the nickel-catalysed activation of amide C–N bonds. Nature 524, 79–83 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14615.
相关文章
2019年,加利福尼亚大学Neil K. Garg团队在著名期刊Organic Synthesis上报道了Ni催化的苯硅烷作为还原剂高效将酰胺还原为胺。此方法也非常实用。【 Org. Synth. 2019, 96, 436-454 】
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